| How does both the Marxist and capitalist philosophical crisis get stimulus from the each other? (Part- 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 of 10). While making any statement by any individual or any philosopher about the things of present, past and about the up coming issues in future, they were very informative about those things upon which they wanted to speak something differently from the previous statements of others, very differently, to the people in any country through any way of the available sources. Hundreds of philosophers have told about the origin of the world and its laws of working in which the way of living of the people from ancient times to present. The language itself the people invented for their convenient to the ancient people who have given the new life to the people, through which they learnt from each other and continued their lives from the caves and forests to the habitations under the protective measures and finding the new needs according to the time demanded for implementations and inventions in the life of the primitive people. Every human being have the work of feeding themselves wherever they lived with one another before forming the families and divisions from the groups to the individual based groups. While every step into the advancement from the old to new there must be a lead of any one or two who were held responsible for every such step. And at the same time in the absence of implements in helping their day to day lives they were helpful with each other and dependable upon the other individuals of the society, The collective idea and living together as a primitive society in ancient times was based on the theories and ideas of many anthropologists and social philosophers including Engel, in the similar way of the living nature of the humanoids, apes and champagnes only. But it is a fact that it is an idea, and an opinion based of the evidences of the living nature of the animals that have some additions to the evidences what they could produce in support of the claim at the time the presentation of their ideas which may be true, or partial true, and not true. These ideas or opinions if related to the up-coming events in future, the people call them fortune tellers, palmist or foretellers. They have their place in the present society and they lives as usually whatever the way they like to live, for which no body could have objection about them . Because they people those who believe them, would approach them and give some tip or whatever a gift on the demand or their will the action of telling about the future of individual who attended him and receiving it the present or gift have been completed. Here why was the individual approached to him to know about the future and why the foreteller did was opted to work of foretelling without participation in the work of the production in any way is not a question to the entire society of any time and the people who have no way related to each of them like doing the same work for pretty gifts, in order to avoid the hard work for himself when we was found the work on his own for just living. This question is more applicable to the ancient times of our past than the present now, because the number of such visitors is less and their source also has found no guarantee to depend upon it. While discussing about the fact in market places in Greece at the time of Aristotle, and Plato the essentiality of the argument upon any thing there must be two persons who has a zeal to know from each other's views upon the things which were mostly related to the society, people, limitations of the state, duties of the kings, responsibilities of the citizens, taxation affairs of the states, formulations of the rules on the slave, female slave, free-men, half-freemen, rich people, and about the participation of the most rich people at their time of discussions. There was the system to bring out the facts through the arguments with each others and made their own identifications about who was the actual knowledge man and who were not. The second condition and the essentiality of bringing out the fact through the argument were the equals and equality for the argument. So that every one wanted to argue with those, had knowledge about the issues which were very important at that time to know about. Where as the present condition upon which every one have a definite opinion about functional areas and its feasible applications in the present society. There is no need of argument with anybody who have the knowledge about the society, state, people, castes, religions, faiths, beliefs, practices, skills professions, fields, knowledge, sources, name of the products production centers, governments, its rules, number its subjects, classes of the people, rich classes middles classes, lower classes, employees, professionals, companies, manufacturing units, financial institutions, state's personnel, judiciary, legislative bodies, societies, banks, political parties, political philosophies and about the global rules with its new proposed order by the competitive and advanced states. Hence the way of argument through which bringing out the facts is obsolete. This system of arguments in the judiciary represents the two parties. The accused, charge, and the complainant as these are the subjects upon which the judgment normally delivers by the judge by either proving the change or acquittal of the case filed by the complainant. These are the principal players in the set of a specific system in which all these have to play their role. Here the charge which have the basic information of the offence the accused committed with some relevant evidences, witnesses and with support of some material occurrences were taken place. So the democratic system in which the judiciary is functioning in the most democratic manner unlike the dictatorial states where there is no rule of separation of executive from judiciary and awarding a liberty to the accused by choosing a defense counsel to represent his case in the court. So we the people are in general agreed and allowed to practice. It is the subject to discuss about the days of primitive state of human beings when they have no language to communicate each other while living on the trees of the forests, and in caves to leaning the walk on foot to the present stage of internet chat system, covering the establishing the civilizations through agriculture, domestication, building some huts, to the use of stones, and from the use of stones to the metals in their needs of the progress and development of the civilizations, from the entire period of their journey from the slavery to the present capitalist system through the feudal system including the changing productive relations from time to time to present in detail on the opinions already in use by the Marxist philosophers, Karl Marx,. Engel, V.I Lenin, Stalin, George Plekhanov and lastly on the views of Moa Se Tung on the topic of the dilectics, dialectical materialism, dialectical and historical materialism, as all these are extensions and additional contributions to the popular philosopher of the idealism, hegel once again in the interest of its applicability to all the states in present condition of the crisis of both capitalism and Marxism . It is an attempt to present an opinion about the Marxism in which the dialectics, dialectical materialism and dialectical and material histories as all these forms a greater part in the Marxism, I already feels that it is in great crisis and need to come out in the interest of the poor, lower, working class's majority people in India. At the same time the capitalism has shown its hollowness in serving the people through the role of state. It is very strange to note that in all these writings of the greatest philosophers could not find the role of many factors of the society in forming a shape from ancient days to present. While living in the caves and in the forest the humans were compelled to fight the wild animals, natural disasters, and dangers from other individuals for which they were in the protective form of their system while living together. The primitive humans while living much prior to the finding the stone implements either for their protection or for killing the animals, there were in arrangement of working divisions in which all the members were not worked, but all the humans were to eat along with those who were collected and brought to their place where they were decided to live for time under the assured security purposes. It means all the humans were not assigned to work collectively in killing the animals and collection food from the plants like fruits etc It is that where the males and females were used to stay collectively in the secured place they were distributed the works of collecting the food for all by few members of the community there. And some others were took the role of guarding the remained incapable humans who were identified as there was their use in a group by serving the other works of adjusting the times and places of collection of the foods. The work and its implements in use while living they used to bear all the members including few who casually share in the productive work. It was their need in the commune to bear them even without regular work of collection of the food. So the principle of not working all in all times in all the work what they had at that time within the relation of the productive forces with its implements for the productions where the productive forces and partial non productive forces were allowed to live together as members in the interest of the whole group The need of protection and collection of the food from far and distant places were made them to guard the remained in the commune, that have created the new opportunity of the work to which another individual needed to attend. Hence the new need which made them to bear the casual worker along with the other workers in their food sharing too. It is further made them attend the new work with new understanding on the new need which was once again made them to come on new terms to live together. All the humans directly could not perform all the works regularly because the distant journey in collection of food, and providing a security to all while living in the protective place, and searching the new and nearest resourceful places like all these works made them to follow the work division by allowing the casual work, search of new resourceful places, and allotting a protective duties to them frequently with changing duties were the way of living in the ancient time . It is clear that the duty of protection was unavoidable thing in the society. At the same time work division and bearing all the members in common food sharing with casual work in production and participation of other service related works were the striking features besides protection of the women, who directly responsible for taking care of their children till the age of helping the males in their direct and service related works. In the primitive societies the weak individuals, strong individuals, and some others were engaged in the work of production or collection of food in practice in the similar way of animals like mammal and apes. Women some times were not allowed due to the affiliation of the male to whom they were in contact, and they were allotted to see the work of the children. Consequently, the question of power of protection, collection, search of new resourceful areas, making arrangements for shelters was raised, then the lead role who resumed in collection of food, and protections of the others including assigning the service related works in coordination of all in successful manner, came in lead role. Consequently the role coordination of all with provision of food and maintenance of women along with the children were vested in the hands of one person of the community and all were to oblige the instructions of the one individual in the interest of the community. It has quite well till the new invention in the food habits in raw. After finding the taste of baked food, again the working avenue was widened and all need to have the work of such food. At the same time, storage, of fruits, and other eatables were caused great changes in the history of the human beings. The storage, and security of it was the major contribution in their lives, they followed the practice. Ayub Mohammed http://groups.yahoo.com/group/political_analysts/ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, How does both the Marxist and capitalist philosophical crisis get stimulus from the each other (Part-2 of 5). Origin and zeal of the society; While presenting any theory of human beings in ancient period, it is common to see from the point of present conditions, under which the presenters views directly and indirectly influence by the way of living relations of the present period in which the productive forces and their relation with the new findings and inventions upon which all these views influences the views in the presentation of the past and remote history of the present society. It further leads into past from the point where he started presenting the findings about anything upon which the social relations and its active players take a lead role in further finding the new on the old one in any field . Darwinian Theory of common origin was proved wrong in many ways by the findings of other scientists in later years. The humans while living in caves and in the forest they did not have any tools for their lively hood. Later they found tools with stones, later they further, iron they used in their lives which have found some sort of security to their lives within the adjustments as substitutes, casual participations in the collection of the food The new social order they formed for the interest of all the members of the group in which one who was secured the power of leading the others within the command of duties he assigned regular production work, security work, observational work, searching of the resources works, the chief had been alienated from the productive work field. In order to assign these widened avenues in which all most all with high risky to low and simple works all the members were accommodated according to the capability and the interest of the members. This was the situation where the changes through the new findings and making to learn the adjustments with each other on the needs of the group have been habituated . In a progress and development of the living habits of the ancient humans there are at least five-seven branches have been originated during a small and short time of living from the caves and forest to the safety places for their living. In order of listing of the in findings on time line is not possible here because this kind of advancement and progress in a little time, it had taken thousands and millions of years. 1) Alienation from the productive work to commanding work which is non productive in its nature. 2) Casual work relief from the production work and the system of substitution in the work took place 3) Security work in protecting the fellow humans in the community taken place. 4) Service related and helping with learning to little were taken place. 5) The relations on the options among the male and females were taken place, from commonality to particularity were taken place. 6) Food storage they learned and they habituated to moderate use of the laborious bunts from wasting the excesses to needy in a time limit for next time hunting. 7) Learning and finding the season of rains, moon days and dark days. There were many more things the inventions and findings they have passed over the period in protecting themselves from all sorts of natural disasters, and from the wild animals. The continuous process they had in their lives, through the new inventions and new findings from each of the branch. In common the people have been divided in to different categories they needed to move according the new opportunities and new works on every new finding were they practiced. And on every change, and on every development, the new production tools from old one to new with type of relations on the working place they were practiced in their lives. The new opportunity of the need on which the newly generated work was the rule of every system they had at that time. At the same time the work and the skilled work with the tools and without tools, productive works and non productive works were generated and the each and every section had its law to follow the principle and all those who were in their fields must follow the set of its laws which were generated and the learners had to follow the same laws on the maturity of gaining capability. It was essential to learn the hunting of some animals in the nights only and some animals in day only and some in rainy seasons only and some in all the time, they were compelled to follow as the laws and established rules to follow. In the same way, the food habits from ready made level to roasting system they increased in which the new learners or the weak or the casuals were to carry out in the interest of all the members participated. All these developments and progress in the living system while producing the food through the development of the tools according to the needs and filling of the opportunities in every time, the common law of the societies were come up and all the members were to follow the laws without violations. In the same way, the human history passed through the intensive findings and practices again inventions and finding into practice as the activity in finding the useful and dangerousness of the animals they found and stated the domestication of animals, finding the new areas from the point of wondering to settlement for the regular and guaranteed food they compelled to provide to all through the widened work distribution they practiced . Domestication of animals and settlements on the plane areas, and farming, as all these developments in the history of human progress confirms at least three things upon which the progress was taken place, which could be known as follows. 1)every new step towards new development on its old one confirms that the elements which took active role were the new ones, because in every historical development the role of individual in finding and in inventing the new could be only possible in one or two sections only in the life time of any individual. Hence the human it is confirmed that the role of individual in every findings and its practices, the same individual could not see how the entire people were practicing the new inventions. It is not possible. Moreover the history has been come to know about its development and its progress with all the inventions and findings on the present system is based on only after the inventions of the writing system and its language. Language which has provided the knowledge in history of the progress and development of the civilizations on the scale of the time to find more than what we have in the written form through which we can say something about the controversial and unproved facts in the history to have some view about the future of the human journey from such cave dwelling to moon residing developments, the men achieved such a great adventures in all the states which were not identified with guarding the borders on which billions of dollars are spending without considering the needs of the humans and the poor and developing states. How the free journey of humans from the forest to plane areas with present's advancements they were made themselves fixed with their own laws which were once framed for themselves in the common interest have now been turned to the nations and states like a cages and its rules once they formed in past now turned as prisons for the own children of the ancient humans. Of course it is another question to discuss some other time in different topic. And coming back to the emergence of newness form the old debris are nothing but the new only and no question of going back in to the past the lesson the humans have prepared the rule of law of the time, in which the old relations once took its new form on the name of new on the old ones. Every new must become the old and the old is only old that would never be made new by any one in the world. No wonder the description about the past would become the past unless one more description about the same content comes either in its support or in its opposition, it is not a question. But the findings and inventions in the ancient times by the individuals and its practice by the ancients are divided as the active and passive forces including identification of the new productive implements with its new relations at that time in which all members were to take part in different works through different field by resorting to formulations the new sets of laws in each and in every field with perfect understanding and identification of the different works including the non productive avenues and its sections in coordination of the common command under whose guidance the society had to be seen sun in smooth ways . In essence the ancient communities were well aware about the needs and fulfilling the needs of those dwelling conditions by bearing non-productive sections and the people who did not take direct part in the productive works as productive forces and non-productive forces mainly including the service related works as well as training to the children while doing the productive and non-productive works based on the only available food and their resources . It means food for the non-productive forces including the service related world were allowed and found that the need of their service to all in their interest had the social sanctions. Social sanctions and its laws made them to opt the working options like a choosing pairs in the interest of all made them differentiate from each other among them. Consequently every one had reduced to the stage to get more results from the routine in allotted and opted duties in every new avenue; as a result the skilled and non-skilled were generated. In every new finding in the productive tools with finding the new resources the option of the selector was turned key point in making the group with skilled and un-skilled basing on the results they secured in material form for making them group strong and efficient. In the process of all these developments, I do not claim that the peace and peaceful ways were they followed, because I do not believe in the theory of 'absolute', because in physics mathematics and even in chemistry there is no principle is absolute. So it is the history that too the discussing issue is about the past, and about the human nature and their needs with their progress and development in which the point is about the period which is not written in any book in clear way. If I go into the communication system of the past, I should start from the present communication system of e-mail, which in seconds I give my message to thousands of members with little effort. But in ancient times the man to man signing system, then language, then personal contacting system, and then in Indian and in Asian states the doves and other animals were used in the communication system, then sending a messenger and in later times the telephone the people used Now mobiles in use in a system of communication of the present times. After that we know the letters and now this type of communication system. In India the pilgrimage centre, kashi for which the people used bullock carts as a system of transport which takes one to three months time from Andhra Pradesh. Now it has been available in all the ways of train, bus, flight etc. but no one like to go to kashi on cart even from remote and backward area of jharkhand or from Raipur of chattisgarh. No poor eat raw on the necessity. Hence the productive forces with the relations of the production tools of the age including service related implements would never go back to the past whoever wants to go back it would be an opinion of their own but it is not based on the principle of the social laws A common beggar of the Delhi streets would never use walking from their native villages to come to Delhi in his profession. In essence the time with which the human mind lead the humans in entirety with some minor and negligible errors of the man kind from ancient times to the present times with the intensive findings in each field within its own laws have given the law of rime which would never go back with its developed implements of the productive system upon which the entire human society was depended and took its lead through the new relations on the basis of the need and social sanctions. And the human nature which is that once it is habituated, would never toll back but finds the ways to make it comfort for his needs of that during their life time, without going back. Minds of the few in the society on any name of philosophies may go back but the productive implements and other mechanical tools of the society which were once invented on its old ones for the use of the service related works for the entire mankind would never go back. Ayub Mohammed http://groups.yahoo.com/group/political_analysts/ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, How does both the Marxist and capitalist philosophical crisis get stimulus from the each other (Part 3 of 5) Causes and reasons of diversifying the productive and non-productive fields into the multiplication of the classes into divisions of the society, Alienation of productive force from the production work for the whole society at that time, the reasons were demanded them to set aside from the mere and little responsibility of the production work to the high degree of total responsibilities on the newly emerged needs they adopted to the system of uniformity in decisions in implementation of the activities they carried out in the new areas at that time . The alienation from the productive work had the universal sanction to deal the new challenges from the new responsibilities they all were to resume. The new challenges they had to face from the old responsibilities to new tasks. Consequently the non-productive sections in which they allowed to work were more widened with the new needs and demands. The burden of the production work was consistent with the need of all, with the reduced strength of the productive forces. The pressure was mounted to full fill the growing demand of the needs in food habits, which were taken new turn from the raw to the boiled or roasted in its form. At the same time the work of eating from the temporary 'spots' to the permanent shelters was given a new ground to engage the new men to work in the 'preparation' of food ', taking care of the food, and bringing the food material from the distant areas were made to engage a courageous and well built men into it. The divisions of the non-productive work field occupied a wide are to adopt more men from the production work to non-production work. Resultantly, the skilled and non-skilled portions of bifurcation were taken place in their lives at that time at the time of shift of their dwellings to plane areas. The skilled and non-skilled work both in productive and non-productive fields were taken place within the unit under the pressure of the protection of the people from both natural, and wild animals under the conditions of which they were to live. While living under the threat perception and their moves, could never be understood by any body in the world, because they want to see the past and remote events which were changing under the differences of the changes for identifying the factors that had to play in both material and in mental forms of the people, who were only able to know what decisions could be taken in according to the circumstances under which they were allowed to live At the same time, these types of changes in all fields were taken place under the need of the growing demands which could be taken over by the efficient and capable individuals. At least four fields were in open before them to meet the task of the changes, which could be seen as follows. Productive field which was under pressure and that had given birth to the need of selecting the skilled workers in proving a food to all with leading, some minors for the purpose to train them, during the traveling, while their work. Here the selections and the selections of the skilled, training, at the same time, casual, regular works divisions were taken place. In the non-productive field, the coordination of all four sections were needed as to see how much of the guarantee they were secured from the men who were on that responsibilities had been entrusted to, to be verified, and the depositing of the food with finding out the durability of what were to collect with protection of it from its own people were the reason to actively work with muscle and with their minds. At the same time, the foods responsibility was to carry out in a same way where the men were appointed for that had to be verified with the balance of the needy men and excessive use of the working at the spot of the society. The imbalance of utilizations was automatically accrued there due to the allotment and work divisions of the men into productive and non-productive forces. It means the side effect was shown its result on the whole system of the society in which they were to over come it without going back to the original phase of their journey. The result of the emergence of the two fields from varying each from its own origin were moving its own way from many hurdles in their long run. In every field at the dwelling centers from where the origin of finding the irrigation, domestication of animals, cultivation, planting and other fields were emerged within its own set of laws .The non-productive field had been reduced to the broadened responsibilities of keeping unifying members by avoiding a clashes at the women, at the work of guarding the food storage, and at the selecting the men to all other works within the society that kind of attraction from both sides of productive and non productive fields were made them to kill with the support of the others who were mostly entrusted to the most key centers of the society. By formulating the developments in the society, I do not like to lead it towards the principle of the fittest was survived . But I like to say the fittest system was survived and made to continue from that ancient time to the present modern times. All these developments were taken place at the African jungles and at the surrounding places of the Egyptians, and Sumerians dwelling centers. I am not talking about the developments that also were taken place at the Indian subcontinent. Because Indian and its south Asian history does not consist all transitional periods as claimed by the world Marists and Indian Marxist in India. In my earlier article I explained the system of slavery which was jumped out to the feudal system without passing the phase of the slave system. Here the entire Marxist believes that the interpretation of the history through the phases were the same and India also has such history and they tries to apply the other model of proposition to India and its historical developments. It was the different story about the Indian transitional period which was and is quite opposite to the Marxist interpretations in its philosophy. The responsibility of the coordination of the many diversifying needs and its filling-ups with men was stood to the top of the position like a post at that time. In its true sense it is the name of 'state'. It was in its responsibility to lead the society into the further advancement based on the coming new and newest challenges in the hands of the coordinator. The non-productive fields such as protecting the society, guarding the storages, food preparations at the society, and the responsibility of feeding the children and women who were allowed to be at the wishes of the head of the society . As these developments were taking place at the society, the inventions and findings were lead them towards progress and advancements, such as developing irrigation channels, tiles, metal equipments, in plowing, and other inventions were taken place in the same way. Simply, this kind of historical interpretation from the point of materialistic way what I like to assess the past to understand the present conditions of the world in its exact manner without committing bias against the whole history of man kind. At the same time, from the past to the another form of social system which was known by all those who have a political knowledge or any political affiliations in interpreting the past and remote developments in the history which had the role to play the same role in further developing the society from one phase to another. The known history, through the available sources at present could be broadly said that the inventions from the first book bible, which states that there was slavery and it, had social sanctions at that time when the bible was written. And many more evidences are available to claim that the slave system was come into being without knowing its prior system which had lead to its advanced system at that time. Aristotle, in his writings, and in Greek philosophy the slave system as a legalized system was existed. And they supported while their life times. Before going into depth on the subject of the slavery, it is necessary to inquire the leading and the most striking features on the society upon which the entire system was and is based and on the stable process of progress any society could emerge as a powerful and resourceful of the time in the interest of the people . To identify the exact factors of the society with its features which lead it from stage to stage on each and every findings and innovations, every factor behind every invention, which are discussed here below there must be a need to which the people was in relentlessly trying and bearing the losses on unsuccessful attempts like a factor, if we take as example, the people did not know about the swimming, they needed to learn the swimming and built a ferries or logs they used to cross the rivers, which was the new for the new people and the old were drowned The code of Manu, which had a section in the list of punishments on proof of guilt by throwing him into water because the reason at that time the people did not learn swimming. So that the section of punishment of throwing the guilt into water was the reason they were in belief that the guilt did not swim out of the waters. The act of swimming was made them to cross the rivers and they got their settlements wherever they believed as the place of safety. The sensing of the need should come out of skilled, cleverish and personal emotions, while resuming the responsibilities in the entrusted fields irrespective of the productive and non-productive sections . In every filed, the lead role played by active people who may be even one or two as an indicators of such need as an essentiality while discharging their works. Those men who were engaged in their respective works were in feeling that all were doing the work with equal responsibility under the single command or force on one or few with their help in discharging their works An organizational vacuum was come with the differences between the two major sections of that society besides its own and internal differences among the newly emerged sections through the skilled works of the capabilities which were the basic and primary need at that time to take birth another section from its own that lead one stage of advancement and progress to another. The clear cut demarcation between the productive and non productive sections were taken place within which every advancement and progress taken place within its own spectrum of each field beside its major fields of productive and non-productive. In the similar way of the developments in the productive side with its extended braches now we all are evident about its existence in present time in all societies from the right from beginning, at least three major braches through which all fields of the present day of progress and advancement of the societies we should note which are named as follows. As a major section in the society, the productive field from its ancient origin to present that feeds the whole society with its all extended branches of the present society in all over the world. The transition of the phase of the society from one stage to another stage in each country was and is very different from each other. No common model of Marxist philosophy, or its extended Leninism, in U.S.S.R, and the last model of Maoism could never be applied to the other parts of the world. To understand this particularity principle from the principle of generality which was I previously discussed in my another article, some two three months back, to all the states in the world may need many more decades or centuries, I do not expect, because the philosophy is such that would never allow anybody to review the past of its possible applications to the global countries . The whole philosophy and a thought to state any ideas or a set of ideas by somebody, though, it may be in a materialistic form, against idealism, and utopian way of presenting the ideas about the people ,society, state, and other important things with were and are proved that as a facts and the same were and are proved correct through its reasonable and in rational way in the interest of the society, nation and for the people who lives in the society by entrusting the general responsibility of their protection as their first priority and prioritized nature in the set of other natures of the human beings whose nature and mind to calculate in every time hundreds of theories were and are come up but could not succeed to present the human nature and their behaviors would be such in the when they face such conditions in particular time and place with the particular factors that cause them to come up with their decisions, the only philosophy in the world on the serious observations on the change of the nature through the industries in the industrial revolution and its consequences with progress and developments it was formulated by the great philosopher Karl Marx and Engel. Both saw the results and they represented the whole theory and their philosophy in their literature which had given the two models of Marxian states in the world. The other was and it's some level of progress in gauging the minds of the people in achieving their task of the removal of the monarchy in Nepal. Hence these models are known that all were and are the direct contributions of Karl Marx, Engel, Lenin, Stalin, Mao, how many lives were behind the success of these two states, and what were the factors really played in that socialist system of the governance have been told by many more than the Indians. But the British and American universities were allowed to carry out research works more on Marxian philosophies than any other subjects of social sciences. In India there is more working groups on these philosophies are working than the findings the philosophical contributions to the social science from the side of Marxian philosophy in India. Coming back to other section of the society which relates completely to non-productive sections whatever we have in present day that had their origin in the ancient As a part of the society, the non-productive filed which did not share in the productive work of the society. And it is completely depended upon the productive field of the society. Since the say of alienation of this diction from participation of the productive work, it has been played a lead role in development and progress of the society as a whole but through it's extended and sub-sections of its major field. It has no power in the direct way of interfering in the affairs of the productive works and its relations within its own sub-sections of the branches. In its apex seat, the state what we call to the chief of the non-productive sections of its own, from post of the president to the least and lower post of contract labor of the local bodies, all does not participate in the production works in the society. But all those who belong to the border security force personnel to India's telecom company's night watchman lives like members of the same society from the days of alienation from the participation in productive works. As an unavoidable need was its emergence in ancient period and from that period to till now they have been diversified and extended its roots to every branch of the government in present society by resuming the responsibilities of their respective fields. In other words, if we say correctly all the major sections of executive, legislative and judiciary all of its related branches and other sections of the society like press/media, education, entertainment, etc. All those who do not have the direct participation in the productive field, were and are known that they are non-productive and dependents of the productive forces. And it was not easy at the time of its emergence and growth, but now it has become easy to work. So that most of the members of the society seeks these fields. And the productive field which was and is the base of all members of any society from ancient societies to the present modern societies. I go on about it later, but coming to another important section of the society which was and is the key in fastening the pace of the progress and development of the society. It is still in the hands of the people who play multiple roles in the society both in two to three fields of the society. Productive tools, which were and are the key players in the society from ancient times to the present day of every progress and development of the society and played a predominant role in all times since the ancient days to present day. From the period of stone tools to the nuclear weapons, the growth and origin of the tools and equipments were used in the production fields for feeding the whole society at that time. And now its peak stage of industries which are now producing the products for the benefit of its owners has a different story that may be detailed some time later. But the role of the productive tools which were used in feeding to fighting against the enemies has the same origin and its developments from that time to present period especially after the industrial revolution. But all these are in whose hands have another story to discuss in another article. One tool of iron on the development in this field, by finding the iron for hunting the animals, had been made useful in plowing the land in the Sumerian civilization, iron use was made in the transport of a carts as a development and contribution for another invention by using it for digging water storages on finding the scarcity of it in summer times. At the same way all these developments in the filed of tools taken place for the list of serializing such finding are not possible to discuss here. How did the state pay its role from the needy time to present day is discussed in detail in the next article. Ayub Mohammed http://groups.yahoo.com/group/political_analysts/ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, How does both the Marxist and capitalist philosophical crisis get stimulus from the each other (Part4 of 5) Situational factors leads to organizational factors from individual to massive way was the real potential source of the society for its progress and its advancements from ancient to present capitalism in the world indifferently to all the states including India. Tools in hands were deprived of by those wanted to keep the productive forces unite was the first step of the powerful lords who gained control over the people, resources, and its productions in the dwelling areas of the society. In essence, the initiation stage of the civilization in which the people were allowed to live in a common life with the women, children, and the feeder as an unit of the family as its first freedom of leaving from the system of common dwelling in unity with the family who belonged to the blood relations of the lords .The blood related males were the first alienated from the common living dwelling centers with their tools and belongings as a unit of their own family including their females, children, and some males who were thought to be useful for the practical purposes of securing the needs of the family. The very basic relaxation was at this alienation from the common dwelling centers were believes that they would never turn in hostilities against the first lords. The 'trust' was the basic requirement in allowing the blood related families which was the need at that time, with a view to help them in case of any dangers to either their lives the lords or to their resources by the enemies within the common dwelling centers or from the out side source including natural disasters like floods. The basic need of the newly alienating blood related lords was food, shelter, females, children, and some domesticated animals, like a dog, sheep, bull, and some metal tools within the same common dwelling centers. While alienating from the power of the lords the newly emerging blood related lords, they have made themselves as an another power center within common, dwelling habitations quite for some time as an adjustments for the purpose of the safely and guarantee that was the basic need of every one to live together under one common force which was controlled by the lords. The alienation from power centre within same common dwelling units was firstly, as half in the way of independence within itself and in second way that was in physical and in complete physical by migrating to some other areas in accordance to the physical conditions of the areas which were mostly plane areas. The very nature of divisions of the were taken place in two way further more while the progress and advancement of the civilizations, at that time. These initial alienations from themselves were resulted the unending expansions of the migrations with tools, domestic animals, women, children, and having some skilled, and unskilled men for the purpose of formation of further dwelling centers. All such was consisted with men of skilled and un-skilled, women, children, domesticated animals, as a unit of civilization at the plane areas mostly they used to choose on the banks of the rivers from African forests to its surrounding plane areas and the river banks. As we know that till now the name in the list of the civilizations, the first Mesopotamian civilization was come into being from the roots of the evolutionary changes and progress of the humans and their material relations in the world. The alienation of few men from the work of production, was caused to form the dependent system of the state on the productive forces and its material at the cost of security and guarantee to the other humans as well as the taking charge of entrusting the duties, choosing the mighty, active and skilled men was the origin and requirement of the early form and early stage of its important model of the state at that time. The causes of the origin of the states in almost all the states in the world were very different from each other and do not claim as same for the causes of the origin of the states in all countries In India there are no such findings and inventions are proved that the Indians or Asians who had the direct relations of the origin of the humans from the evolutionary changes of the humans and growth of the civilization on the banks of the Saraswati River known as Harappa and Moenjodaro civilization that was existed. I do not claim on the origin of human beings in Asian region on the very basis of the same like that of the African. Because no findings are being proved about its origin and growth at the Indian subcontinent, but surely I can say that the reference in Rig-Veda about the habitations of other sects, or cults were in existence. Ganas and Janapadas are known about the existence of other cultured people through the first hand history book of Indian civilization . At the same time I do not like to go into the depth of the Aryan invasion theory or its anti-thesis now very much in popularity in the contest of the new findings through the 'horse' as a symbol of the new findings about the origins of Aryans as native people this region. Where the question of faith comes before anybody as to make to think through the theories, evidences, supporting proofs, and all that demanding as a proof of certain things in the world, though there may be an option to believe that certain things as facts or disbelieving them as certain things as facts, are definitely depending on the mind and the set of beliefs of the person' interests only . Because human being is not either mechanical tool or material thing like that of lifeless things in the world to give its same responses, ideas, notions, reaction, contributions, sacrifices, lovingness, hatefulness, activities on all issues in similar way of the mechanical applications and on the material way of physics, chemistry, mathematics, and other life sciences. Off course the human nature is such a thing that could be corrupted long back while living in the forests and caves in African forests .If the mechanical and material way of thinking if the humans had been formulated like a program of any soft ware we could be long back turned as robots to act on the orders of the lords, or feudal, or capitalist, or warriors, or messengers, or saints, or sages of the world. There could be no need to wonder the Moses for a promised land, or no need to crucify the Jesus Christ, or no need to desist the way of violence of Buddha, or no need to live the saints of Brahmanism on the mercy of the people for whom they choose to write the whole Hindu literature in making the religion as the culture of the Indian civilization from its Vedic period to present activities of the Tirupati Balaji temple's mass marriage program. This kind of program, the Muslim community is in its bad need this time. If any waqf or national or charity program would take the similar program for Indian Muslims, it would give good results in India. However it is another case which would be discussed later. Coming back to the slavery which was firstly in a minimum way in its initial stage and it took later in the biggest level when the lords were turned as the kings in the history. While the period of lords, on the question of areas of resources for the existence of the high level habitations in their areas, the feeding question was raised and lead them to fight against each other. The quarrels were on many questions, of which one was primarily territorial controls. The wars ware intended to gain the control over the resources, for the stocks, for slaves and for women also. The largest man power in need of the protection of the habitations they felt in different fronts in different way they were resorted to attack against each other, they started building the fortresses, dens, walls, gates for the armies. The slaves again were played key role in extension of the areas. Well built slaves were identified and used as the soldiers depending on the loyalty subjects in many subjects. The slave's skills and their slavery were separated from each other and give rise to another form of their living in the society on its own way. It was not possible for all slaves to get the skilled work of waging wars as soldiers, but depending on the abilities of their own not only in the warrior's game but the loyalty was the prerequisite to overcome from the slavery in individual way. This slavery was continued up to 17 and 18th centuries in British government even after the emergence of capitalist society in 12 and 13th century in British, roman and European empires. Officially slavery was banned in British government in 17 or 18th century. Indian system was unique we must accept, that slavery was never allowed to be taken place up to 6th century. The Manu Smriti which had discrimination against Dalits would never be compared with the slavery and its system in India in many accounts. Before taking the shape of slavery from individual and society to the state level as a need and unavoidable vacuum it has further taken to the other form from slave duty to soldier in a big way, because has been firstly treated as an asset of the society and then individual's property and in both ways run in the Greece. The slaves were of four to five types as it was known through their origin and their existence in Greece. By birth was the first, secondly those who had been enslaved in the wars, third was those who could not pay their debts to their masters and those who themselves offer to work on the terms of payments and feedings. The freeness from the serfdom could be purchased from their masters and the laws of that time were allowed to engage the human trading in the open market with signs on then through tattoo like marks on their skin for visibility. The laws were in legal form through which the freedom could be purchased and could be sold in the open market. This kind of markets on men like animals was the legalized formula of the Greek society at that time. The legalization of any custom or any act by the kings or the rulers in the majority form as an unavoidable act within the society, for which all members of the society extend their consent on any act which could be automatically sanctioned as a law of the society and then it takes its validation by the state. In ancient times the social laws were the first to introduce in the society which could give the way for majority of the members in the form of grant of will majority people that could take as a social law of that time and then it could lead into the state's affair which has to ratify as the law of the state. The rulers or the kings in the ancient time in any state, the people first finds the need of following the act that was committed by any single or few in a specific time frame or in a little frequent the people were to discuss its legality and its merits in the interest of even few and all acceptance as a free will that could take in the form of social law which means the consent of the people was behind in legalizing the act as law. At the same time, if any law was introduced by the few in the ill motives for their own interest the act could never be made to implement by the majority of the people at that time. So all the history of the laws was definitely the sanction of the state only after the society was allowed the act to be existed by many people in any state in the world. That is why I already clarified the difference between the social laws and the state laws in my previous article. While the progressing and developing of the society through step by step on the developments in the subjects of the productive tools, and on its controlling system of governance in filling up of the needs the people for their subjects of the particular time, the skills were to play according to footing into the way of leading the society with the people in totality. A particular attention, ability and cleverish attitude of fulfilling nature of the assigned task was the leader for those who were in lead like a leaders and all that what they left for the others of the remained members of the next in rank or in generation, was the subjects and the same subjects were to learn by other rank and the other people who engages in such acts of full filling the needs as demands of that time till the invention of the language. And the same was after invention of the language all that were recorded as material facts with some additional inclusions of the feeling and their aspirations. At the same time, the learning the language and writing about their feelings and thoughts were made them to have a work in the filed of education. Again one more thing they were to learn in education. And education was emerged as an essential factor for the people at that time. So they learned and had written some subjects on the available material of the time on the rock, on leave, on the wood, and on the metals. Their past acts entirely came into being to know the next generations of that time. I do not say all the writings were correct and their experiences were correct but I say definitely by inventing and finding the writing system indicated that they felt to communicate about themselves to the next ranks and their generations in the lost desirable form of language, so the act of invention and practicing was and is understood how were they lived at that time and how were their need are very essential to understand the past and present need of assessing the social conditions of the world. We can fight with the person and we cannot fight against the need of position of the person who occupies in the need of the person . We can avoid the hunger for a while and we cannot avoid the hungry permanently. of Because all the written works after the invention of the language could not be believable facts of the history and the historical works about the past and their descriptive factors about the history could never be believed and it was the fact and nature of the society. If all the facts were correct then it was no need to punish the great philosopher to punish in an open place on the charging some immaterial facts in his life. The whole history and its nature are quite against the popular assumption that the people in massive way could not do anything in the primary level. The invention or any finding in the history was and is an act of individuals only and after the individual's acts upon which the people put their mind and think about its validity for adoption to follow it in a big way. And the acts of the massive people with their consent and approval for committing any act that act and its purpose could be successful. It means the act of individual if not countable in the list of inventions and the findings the whole process of invention, understanding it as essential one as common need of the society, adoption to follow in the form of action upon such invention and findings, direct participation of the people in massive way with sense of feeling that as their task that particular act could only be achieved . The credit of fulfilling the task was definitely belonged to the people only at the same time the recognization of the invention and finding that basic need upon which the entire people were acted goes to those particular individuals only. The history and its nature are moving on the very same principle. In India there is popular saying that if one sheep fell in the well all the group will fell into the well. The Indian shepherds found this popular saying. So individual act prior to group act is the identical with one another through which the whole process of progress and developments in the history moves and moves further. Recognization of individual act upon which the massive act if it was followed the findings, followers, and the need could be understood in a chain of facts which are and were linked with each other in leading the society into progress and advancements. The main and basic factors, in conflicting needs of society at both individual, communities, temples and at state level in the slave society system, the kings of Sumerians were built the structures in big way. The reasons and needs of transformation of the society from slave system to feudal system in Sumerians were noted in the following manner. The individual masters, lords and communal or temple committees were unable to maintain the slaves in their way of tools or in the way of animals due to the non-cooperation acts of the slaves, and frequent violation of the agreements between the slaves and masters. Heavy punishments on violation of the agreements from the master's side and the written laws were come into force for maintaining the social balance between the masters and slaves. The competitive need of the soldier like slaves in attending the kings subjects at the kings fortresses. The kings impositions of burden for the kings subjects in the most competitive way to meet the challenges of the other rival Akkadian kingdoms at that time . The heavy burden on the requirements were on the shoulders was in fulfilling the requirements of their duties they engages in different ways. First they were at individuals residences. Secondly they were engages in community level temple works and thirdly they were at the state's subjects. When the heavy burden was imposed by the individual masters in the farming, cultivation, and cattle works, the slave would emerge the most valued individual in his subjects, so that the demand of the skills work of the slaves in other works made them to emerge a demanded commodity in the market. The frequent changes of the masters and getting the slaves, have emerged to own the women made them to become the freemen with little belongings in the process of the progress of the society. In the individual cases, the weak master and the strong slave relations were interchangeable in the social values. The zeal and inspiration of owning the little needs of the animals, residences, women, and children was made them to emerge the slaves from the slavery to the mastery position slowly in individual basis. At the same time, the community run temple affairs were began to diminish from one to another due to the heave burdens of the penalties over the masters by the states due to make the society to run balance and it had already busy in engaging heavy number of slaves at its treasure that made the slaves to live in a some sort of dignity and honor in the society. The subjects of the kings were also widened from its mere running the affairs of its limited subjects to vast subjects of maintaining the laws, prisons, judiciary, stocks, policing and intelligence works within and outside of the kingdom. Consequently the slaves were well accommodated in newly emerging subjects of the states at the state level as well as developing the multiple works at the masters were made them some more high level of importance in the society that that of their past in which the limited subjects there. On the other hand in the state's subjects the massive recruitment was made the slaves who were skilled in the laborious works that made them to turn the new position of armed men in the great need of the king who was under force to build a suitable force against the rivals. Consequently the state was to impost the heavy burden in the form of taxes on the free men and temple communities. These acts directly had its own influences against each other upon the four subjects which were largely formed apart of the state affairs at that time. The contradictions among all these elements and each others needs and influences, and the demands of the time in which all were living, were the contributing factors in the society to move further from every development and advancements. In the next article, the issue would be about the sayings of the great philosophers about the role of state and the method of analytical study of the remote past and their visions including the realities in the light of changing in all the factors including productive and non-productive forces with its tags on the name of service and on the name of religions with equal identifications of their importance would be discussed in detailed manner. Moreover the diversified fields as burden on the society as non-productive forces would be discussed in the conclusions. In essence from the period of slave system to present capitalist system covering through the feudal system with its causing effects and needs would be discussed so as to see the real reasons and the pulse of the history besides the concepts of the rich and poor. But both are never believed to be the rigid forces and the factors in the change of needs and fulfilling the gaps by the real power of those who occupy the centre position in all states. Ayub Mohammed http://groups.yahoo.com/group/political_analysts/ ……………………………………………………………………………… | How does both the Marxist and capitalist philosophical crisis get stimulus from the each other? (5 of 10) How does play the role of the state in balancing from alienation to participation in the productive forces in the socialist state for winning the hearts of the common people and killing the adverts through its influential nearest of productive and non-productive forces on the name religion, region, welfare, democracy, socialism, and terrorism in the world, without sharing in the affairs of the state and leaving it free to rule in the hands of political parties in democratic and secular India and in all global states? In the list of non-productive forces, religion occupied the first place from the ancient period; the Egyptian gods had their origin in nature. The belief of the people was and is the internal matter of every body in the world. The belief as an idea is a matter of the individual and how it was taken place in his mind and how it would be replaced with another belief is unanswerable question to anybody in the world. Belief, thought, and feelings of everybody could be identified with the acts of the same individuals in the society on a particular reactions or actions on few occasions that could be identified by everybody. But the sources all these beliefs, thoughts, and feelings could be identified through more than three to four ways that were taken place in the minds of the people in general and a person in particular. Particular ideas of a bunch of the people could be identified with its available sources in any country and in any society. The history of the different regions in the world could be identified with the popular religions of past and present days in the world. There were the traditions and practices of the gods prior to the days of Abraham. After the Old Testament the ideas and traditions of the people were changed. The practices of the faith and the feeling on the creations of world were changed. And in later times, Jesus Christ, upon who's preaching and practice all most the beliefs of the region were further changed in the place of old ideas in their minds in a massive way. The ideas, beliefs, and thoughts are different from issue to issue, subject to subject, action to action, need to need, and to the time to time. So no idea of any individual is permanent and could never be expected on expected lines by anybody. However, the sources of ideas, thoughts and beliefs are concerned that the sources could be identified from childhood of any individual to the time of his death, from the surroundings at the early child hood of anybody, and the period of growth through the parents, teachers, and in the adult period friends and the society where he is a member. After finding the living source, while education, or after the education, the another new place would add to know about all that things what were he saw and understood about its reasons, caused, effects and its needs during the lifetime. If I say exactly every one have to learn a lot and his whole life is not enough to understand the whole things of the history of thousands and thousands of years of the past and it is ever changing from minute to minute. So the whole life is not enough to understand the drop of the ocean. In essence it is impossible to understand the whole things of the globe. So the branches of all the subjects which were in the past originated and developed from time to time on the broad line of the non-productive section and are treated as the knowledge about the things of the past present and of the future. The book on the social sciences, engineering, bio sciences and arts are the sources of the knowledge in the field of education and useful to those who are engaged in these subjects have to learn through these theory works. If these books are weighted it goes to the waste paper market without any validity. Hence it is listed in the non-productive section of the society and those who are engages in the teaching profession should be counted as the members of the non-productive forces and the total cost and the payments of them through the federal or central governments in any country are treated as burden on the society and its productive forces. Because these educational instituted and universities with its maintenance are the part of the state affair and the social productive forces have to bear it through the taxes or levies on the people whose who live in the state. It is another question for the rulers of Indian government to think over about non-refunding of the amount spent on education of medicine in making the students as doctors and after getting the degree at the cost of one million rupees of the government, simply constructing their own clinics and hospitals for changing thousands of rupees for simple stomach pains like complaints by the poor and down trodden in rural and in urban areas in India. 1)Hence the subjects of the all political and governmental sections have been developed from the main source of the social productions by the productive relations whom were and are ever changing from time to time. Consequently the basic spirit of the progress and development in this field is entirely depended upon itself only. Because the players in its development need material, tools, (subject knowledge) skilled labor, basic need of its further development and its sustainability in the society itself. 2) Productive field's requirements for further progress and development, the skilled labor, productive instruments, and productive relation in which the masters and slaves or the lords or the slaves or the masters and the slaves were to work for the progress of the society. This filed was and is the important and potential enough to feed the whole members of society including its depended field of non-productive including its service related works of them men of those who were engages in such fields 3) The common differences within these sections were the regular business of the society from the past to the present. It means the different and number of sections in the non-productive fields were to live with differences each against each whenever the interests of any section was suspected by the other within these fields, the protective measures were initiated from all those who were in its supervisory power. The struggles within itself and their unity were continued because they are not the losers and gainers of the economical benefits and losses. These sections were the depended sections of the society and were under control of the state. So that the state or the king at that time had to take care of these sections to go smoothly in their regular affairs until and unless sees that no effect could be suspected to the other sections of the society. The same continuation from the period of master slave relations to the present state and its machinery level of treatment was and is continuing in the present capitalist system too. a brief history of the state from its date of origin to present state of capitalism, how had it become strong and potential in dominating the social productions and catalyzing the equations of the social transitions through its magnificent formulas and logics if we understand the complete picture of the society in an organized form it would be beneficial to replace the present social system upon which the system of capitalizing the resources for more benefit of the poor and oppressed classes of the societies in the world. The origin of the state was an essential and greater need at the time when the people began to feel it as their need what I stated about it from the ancient period of the history, that had made the society to sustain it as unavoidable thing to come into being to serve as a savior and protector of the societies and due to its widened subjects it was completely alienated from the work of the social productive field and settled in the non-productive field and have given an indication to the remained people of the society that its field and its subsections were and are very beneficial and easy to resume with an assurance to have the wealth unceasingly. So the state, religion, entire organs of the state, education, arts, technical trainings etc, which could not produce any article, or commodity for the society and keeps its functions going in smooth way through its subjects, of laws, security personnel Prisons and judiciary. To feed all its branches it had taken so many steps from warring and annexing the others societies and its states to feed its depended people of all its branches from it origin to the present state. However war and winning the territories, with gaining of the wealth from the defeated territories was the game of the kings and warriors from the history of Sumerians. Gilgamesh's urr city was constructed by 3000bc as par one claim, but it's the fact the king and history of the kings could be ascertained with a little of deference in the lengthy period of the state's history. Here the state's city and the name of the king and their contributions are different from each other till the reports and evidences are proved about their works in such remote history of past They invented the Sumerian cuneiform script first in 3200 BC, due the relationship and living together as a civilization they were already in practice of agriculture in the year of 10000 BC. It is not easy to conclude about the past happenings without evidence on the developmental phases of the state. Ubaid culture and their civilization was claimed to be existed there prior to the Sumerians. In India, it is appeared that the city state Kashi was stated to be the first state and it had Varanasi as its capital city. In the thin picture to locate the exact feature of the state for its origin is very hard but I can say till present the Gilgamesh was the first king and the history had proved about his existence there archaeologically. For practical purpose of confirming the period of the origin of the state in the world history, in which the emergence of the state did not have the same reasons at all times of its origins in the other states. It is better to estimate about its origin and its features, three models could be discussed in detail. Firstly it is confirmed fact that only after forming the civilization the state had been emerged from it within the civilizations as it is in the case of Sumerians. The Greeks who invented their Greek language much later to the period of Sumerians and thirdly, from Indian history, Rig-Veda is the first book through which the grim picture of the nature of the society could be known. In these three models with the developments in each field and its contradictions would be discussed. Firstly in the list of non production field and its struggles within itself, would go on through the relations religion with state, Slaves with masters, kings and wars with reasons leading to the development of the societies and extensions of the empires on global level. Hegel divided the religions into three different forms. Of them one is natural religion which is in practice in Egypt and India. Second is in the form of arts which is practiced by Greeks and Romans. The third is revelation in the form of revelation which is Christianity. Sumerian kings list which was believed written by Acadians in 3rd millennium BC in Sumerian language and it is based of their mythology and the period of each ruler was told in thousands of years of the reign. The clear demarcation between mythology and materiality could be made through the archaeological findings only. Without archeological support the historical events and happenings of the past in the ancient history would never be claimed in the chain of progress and development of the society. The epic of the Gilgamesh in the ancient text of Babylonia had given some amount of the suspicions about the ancient kingdom's existence prior to the popular story of floods which discusses about the floods event in the bible. The Exact description of the state and its nature of society which was run under the command and control of the king Gilgamesh at that time could be understood through his own writings on the tablets, known as twelve table law to the modern world. The archeological support through the clay tablets on which his own declarations and his feeling were written in a mix of thoughts relating to the material as well as his spiritual beliefs about his subjects in his state. . In exact estimation about his rule at that time the description itself was available on the clay tablets on which in Acadians languages and it was stated to be written by the king himself about the conditions of his state and his affairs. I like to adopt the way to materialize the content out of divinity from his subjects which are available in material form. The principle of accepting or rejecting any description on the things was or is in existence upon its entirety or on it partially or in a bit wise, according to the principle of applicability of its part or of its entirety in formulating any idea about the past in which the thing was or is existed. Because bible as a book, it is accepted by the most of the people. At the same time, in the absence of the written history beyond the period of composition of the book, it is necessary to take some contents mentioned in the bible into consideration for further findings about the things to prove whether that things were existed or not in the period upon which the bible is still have a claim. If the fire of seventh century did not take place in Alexandria's library, one million copies may give many evidences to the world about the past. And the enthusiastic archaeologists carried the spade and book in hands and moved on the lines on biblical claims on the areas and locations. For example, shekel was used as currency at that time, so that Abraham used that in the market and bought something in his needs at that time. Following acts were taken place by the Abraham upon whom we must rely and depend upon that the incidents or acts were done in his life "And Abraham hearkened unto Ephron; and Abraham weighed to Ephron the silver, which he had named in the audience of the sons of Heth, four hundred shekels of silver, current money with the merchant (Genesis 23:16)" The measurements and accounts for the exchange of the value of the commodities through which the daily live of the people was run according to its social and statutes of the state at that time. The silver value with its origin cost, as a value in the market as a currency in measuring the values and the values of the commodities were identified in exchange of the commodities. At the time of emergence of the value system the currency for exchange of the commodities were emerged there in the market at that biblical time. The state had not intervened much with its cheating role into the commercial market through introduction of the currency as an instrument of exchange value of the commodities at that time of biblical societies . The cities were well built and the social value systems were in practice and confirm that the humans were living with all matured way in the society. The cities were built at the cost of the societies through the slaves and the gated were the protective measure of the societies. It is proved in the verse of bible, which is as follows. "Unto Abraham for a possession in the presence of the children of Heth, before all that went in at the gate of his city (genesis 23:18)"
"Early the next morning Abraham got up and saddled his donkey. He took with him two of his servants and his son Isaac. When he had cut enough wood for the burnt offering, he set out for the place God had told him about.( Genesis 22:3)" The rules as penalties for the losses or about the wrong doers also mentioned in the bible and confirm that the society of the biblical period was governed by the state. Punishments could be seen in that society through the following verses. "If the ox shall push a manservant or a maidservant; he shall give unto their master thirty shekels of silver, and the ox shall be stoned (genesis23:32)" "And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life,(genesis23:23) The penal laws of the time were originated from the common aspiration of those who were the wrong doers and suffered and the same were implemented by the state, which was in its primary stage in which all three parts of modern legal system was vested in one hand only. The king was the sole for his all decisions that were directly implemented through his own channel of spying the people and finding their positions with their wishes. So the following law was introduced. Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot (genesis23: 24)" This kind of law was and is the first in its king in the world and it has its source firstly in the bible only and the biblical area, and its people were practiced in their societies. The calculation of the value system of the live stock with exchanging values in the market and the preparation before journey could be understood through the following biblical verses. "...Thirty female camels with their young, forty cows and ten bulls, and twenty female donkeys and ten male donkeys (Genesis 32:15)" "...they loaded their grain on their donkeys and left."(Genesis 42:26)" So they brought their livestock to Joseph, and he gave them food in exchange for their horses, their sheep and goats, their cattle and donkeys. And he brought them through that year with food in exchange for all their livestock.( Genesis 47:17) The transportation system was the established through donkeys at that time firstly then camel, horses were emerged in the list of transport for the goods and journey. It is understood through the following verse about the "best things of Egypt "
"And this is what he sent to his father: ten donkeys loaded with the best things of Egypt, and ten female donkeys loaded with grain and bread and other provisions for his journey.( Genesis 45:23)"
At the same time there was a practice to bury the dead in their own land only. It means there was no practice of common burial place for the dead at that time. ""And the field, and the cave that is therein, were made sure unto Abraham for a possession of a buryingplace by the sons of Heth. (genesis23:20)" Furthermore, a relief of a day after six days works; it was suggested at that time through the following verse, without going into the controversy of interpolations in the bible. And it was the great contribution of six days working in seven days and one day rest was based on the animals which needed to have a rest. Work and rest was emerged from the totality of the whole society of that time. In the absence of the evidences in this regard, the bible is itself an evidence to find the real reasons of working and resting equations in the whole spectrum of humans and in animals. " "Six days do your work, but on the seventh day do not work, so that your ox and your donkey may rest and the slave born in your household, and the alien as well, may be refreshed.( Exodus 23:12)' The percentage of tribute also recommended to set for their lord from the plundered material as it is seen in the following verse. "From the soldiers who fought in the battle, set apart as tribute for the LORD one out of every five hundred, whether persons, cattle, donkeys, sheep or goats.( Numbers 31:28)" Now again coming back to the topic about the role of state in the commerce of the society how the state was turned a direct in cheating the people through the minting of coins and currency from ancient time to present which is known as barter system, in which the state could not play its role, but on the invention of coins and currency, the state had been increased by its revenue deceitfully to meet the growing warring expenditures from time to time. . The value of the food material was divided into two types. One is perished and another is durable. Those who need the material if that was non-decay able, it was known that it could be useful to them in future. And those who have such material in large have been treated as their helpful and they had paid a particular attention towards them. At the same time those who had the material that had no durability, had made them to do something better than throwing out from their possession. Those who possess non-durable food material used to give to other in exchange of his bread for a wine. The wine and bread's combination was they found a good for both in need of hungry and some entertainment, so the practice was initiated at that time to exchange the material what they had and exchanged from each other. In that system of exchange the value of the article or commodity, could not be seen how much the labor was applied to gain it but to loose it on the system of need and needful time was determined to gain that valuables or loose the valuables. Meat and bread was very much exchangeable commodities between the two needy individuals on sensing the equal needs between the two. Iron bars were emerged as a weighting system of exchanging the commodities in the place of exchange system. A system of common instrument as an item for exchange of the commodities was emerged in the place of exchange of commodities in the commerce in which the state had no role to play in the market affairs. As per the common instrumental system the weighting and downsizing the iron bars to purchase the other items was in practice. This system was introduced by Spartans of Greece. In India these two systems were in common use but the coins of skin was in use in India. In common instrument as iron bars in sales and in purchases there was to cut down the sizes of the iron bars for a while for other commodities was created a major problem to all the people, and even more problems were caused to the poor who needed to cut down all the iron bars very frequently for fulfilling their needs. Consequently they had to bear the loss and wastage of the iron for which they needed another system of measurement they needed. And the role of those who posses more than their needs they had to come forward for assurances on buying and purchasing the articles in the market. In some societies they were played a role of middle men in the commercial affairs of the society. The deposits of the commodities at any trustworthy of the society by all in a way of mutual consent to buy and sell basis as he was aware of the people with needs. The iron was not to break into pieces so easily as copper to break in such a way that would never cause any hard labor and loss of some pieces in waste had gained prominence in that societies of both roman and Greeks with a difference of time. The copper was the metal which had its value in the market for its own worth of its weight and the same copper metal was used as instrument in exchanging commodities in both ways of its cost with worth as a metal. The needs and feelings of the losses were some more increased with the replacement of the iron by the copper. In the process of continuing developments in the field of weights and measurements, there were continuous problems they faces such as the calculation of the labor which was applied on the commodity to get into in the market. The calculation of the labor was a great loss to the poor and worker at the same time his master too. No barter system was partial, but the people were partial for their subjects themselves only. Those who have the commodities had the exchange through the silver bars till the emergence of the coins and currency. At that time of barter system the sate has no role to play in the field of commerce because it had its role of collection of tribute from those who have such positions and wealth in the society in the reasonable manner. And the deceitful act was not in the commerce the state was to play role in the market affairs. It was free of markets and the people were practiced such system but every system have its strengths and weakness which spirits the people to find more effectiveness in the interest of the people. The gold coins in some countries were introduced by the kings in their respective territories. Prior to the gold, copper, iron, there was the entry of the state into the commerce by stamping on the silver bars for its guarantee of its weight and value so as to avoid the double work of braking for its calculations. On any bar was stamped by the sign of king the people began believing that the guarantee was there about the bar through which they could buy their needy commodities without any further complications in the market of those empires. The roman king, Servious Tullius(578-535BC)fifth king, who had been believed by one of the available sources, minted ponds with bronze weighting one, five, and ten And the cost and value had no difference. This kind of introduction of the pounds with the bronze metal was his need of his survival. The collection of the tribute in material form like, food grain, sheep, goat, ox, horses was not easy job for his subjects of state affairs. The system of collection of tribute from the different people of his empire like, war lords, farmers, land lords, free men and slaves, in order to meet the war requirements by the roman king who had introduced the coinage for the first time in the world. The roman king was proved very honest at the time of introducing the system of pounds of bronze metal was equally valuable in weight and value, without a difference between its cost and its value as an instrument of sale and purchase in the market. So that the people of his empire was easily adopted a change in the system of collection of tribute to the king. One pound was divided into twelve ounces a 'real ounce of good copper'. 'A good copper coins in worth and value was continued from the time of Alexander the first to Robert Bruce a pound of silver of the same weight and fineness with the English pound sterling ,English French and Scots pennies too contained all of them originally a real penny weight of silver, the twentieth part of the ounce' . 'The roman, as in the latter ages of the republic was reduced to the twenty fourth part of its original value and instead of we a pound, came to weight only half of the ounce. The English pound and penny containing at present about a third only'.. it means from the period of invention of the coins and noted either from the bronze and silver metal to gold coins, the kings were continued the practice of the issuing the coins with both value and worth, until the increase of the king's affairs in wars they resorted to cut short the worth of the coins in weight and the value of the coins and noted they continued with their royal signs and symbols by benefiting themselves in the coins. When the instrument, in the market for sale and purchase the people invented on their own need and the demand, has been shifted from the hands of the people to the king's subjects, the loss of the people both in the worth and in value made the kings to fill the treasures by another way from the commerce illegitimately and deceitfully. In other words, the royal families and the kings whose values in the people were once in high degree and they were known to the people that they were their protectors from the other invasions and the plunders with killings. While their expansions of the territories with widening of the royal subjects in the wars, the coinage and notes with the royal signs ,they found the way of securing the benefit from the field commerce along with other sectors which made them some hundreds to fold of wealth gatherer for the treasury of the royal subjects. From the origin of the state from a small unit to the mighty form of widened subjects and expansions of the territories, they were allowed to follow the codes of their laws in their societies at their times to all the people according to their values and worth in calculation of their wealth. These were made them to emerge many classes in their societies. The roman period which was started to grow into strong form as state to continue its existence, in which what was their twelve tables said about them to follow as their written law to be read in the following verses. The summoning system was based on the individual complaints on the causes of the losses to them by somebody upon which he was to complain against the wrong doer to the magistrate, on receipt of the complaint the magistrate has given a power to get the wrong doer into the court by force for which the force was assigned in doing such work in the field of the judiciary. During the king's period the king was to see such individual cases in the sense of justifying the individuals in the most cleverly manners. Consequently separate department was constituted to look in to such matters from the society as a king had empowered to discharge his duties moreover some social laws were also introduced restricting the funerals inside the city with instructions not to shed the tears by women at the death. The equality statues also defined and restricted the marriages between the plebeians and patricians. The political activities also was under scanner restricted the meetings in the night there in their empire. For all such details the following laws are available which were known as the basic laws of the early rise of the roman empire. " Table I.
1. If anyone summons a man before the magistrate, he must go. If the man summoned does not go, let the one summoning him call the bystanders to witness and then take him by force."
"2. If he shirks or runs away, let the summoned laid hands on him".
"6-9. When the litigants settle their case by compromise, let the magistrate announce it. If they do not compromise, let them state each his own side of the case, in the comitium of the forum before noon. Afterwards let them talk it out together, while both are present. After noon, in case either party has failed to appear, let the magistrate pronounce judgment in favor of the one who is present. If both are present the trial may last until sunset but no later". "Table II.
2. He whose witness has failed to appear may summon him by loud calls before his house every third day." "Table III.
1. One who has confessed a debt, or against whom judgment has been pronounced, shall have thirty days to pay it in. After that forcible seizure of his person is allowed. The creditor shall bring him before the magistrate. Unless he pays the amount of the judgment or some one in the presence of the magistrate interferes in his behalf as protector the creditor so shall take him home and fasten him in stocks or fetters. He shall fasten him with not less than fifteen pounds of weight or, if he chooses, with more. If the prisoner chooses, he may furnish his own food. If he does not, the creditor must give him a pound of meal daily; if he chooses he may give him more".
"3. Against a foreigner the right in property shall be valid forever". "Table IV.
1. A dreadfully deformed child shall be quickly killed.
2. If a father sells his son three times, the son shall be free from his father.
5. A child born after ten months since the father's death will not be admitted into a legal inheritance". "Table V.
1. Females should remain in guardianship even when they have attained their majority." "Table VI.
1. When one makes a bond and a conveyance of property, as he has made formal declaration so let it be binding". "Table VII.
1. Let them keep the road in order. If they have not paved it, a man may drive his team where he likes.
9. Should a tree on a neighbor's farm be bent crooked by the wind and lean over your farm, you may take legal action for removal of that tree.
10. A man might gather up fruit that was falling down onto another man's farm". "Table VIII.
2. If one has maimed a limb and does not compromise with the injured person, let there be retaliation. If one has broken a bone of a freeman with his hand or with a cudgel, let him pay a penalty of three hundred coins. If he has broken the bone of a slave, let him have one hundred and fifty coins. If one is guilty of insult, the penalty shall be twenty-five coins".
"3. If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain".
"4. If a patron shall have devised any deceit against his client, let him be accursed".
"10. Any person who destroys by burning any building or heap of corn deposited alongside a house shall be bound, scourged, and put to death by burning at the stake provided that he has committed the said misdeed with malice aforethought; but if he shall have committed it by accident, that is, by negligence, it is ordained that he repair the damage or, if he be too poor to be competent for such punishment, he shall receive a lighter punishment"
"23. A person who had been found guilty of giving false witness shall be hurled down from the Tarpeian Rock".
"26. No person shall hold meetings by night in the city". "Table IX.
4. The penalty shall be capital for a judge or arbiter legally appointed who has been found guilty of receiving a bribe for giving a decision".
"5. Treason: he who shall have roused up a public enemy or handed over a citizen to a public enemy must suffer capital punishment".
"6. Putting to death of any man, whosoever he might be unconvicted is forbidden". "Table X.
1. None is to bury or burn a corpse in the city.
3. The women shall not tear their faces nor wail on account of the funeral". "Table XI.
1. Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians". "Table XII.
5. Whatever the people had last ordained should be held as binding by law". The Hammurabi code of law, in which, certain laws were identified with the bible, and now the roman laws in the form of twelve table, as all these laws were initiated in their kingdoms to ensure security and safety of the people in the world. The Manu code of laws were compared with the code of laws of Hammurabi and found that the slave system was not directly taken place in India and clarified that the Indian system had no such similarities with the Egyptian, Sumerian, and biblical societies in India. So that Indian society and its civilization had its own system with difference of the other systems in the world. Consequently it has to understand it from its own source from its origin, growth and present development from the way what it had contributed for its development. The study of these laws in the societies where all these were emerged and developed shows how the societies were worked in its ancient civilizations and its relative factors within the society which evolves in and around of each of the subjects of the societies by influencing each other on the development of its own factors within themselves alone. In other words the widening subjects of the state under the non-productive fields dragged the people under their control from the productive fields of the societies from time to time with every development of the different sectors of the productive non-productive fields o the societies most of old ancient societies including Greeks Athenian, Spartan, and in roman empires. The Roman Empire was the best example in the history from the period of origin of the state to the development of its fullest form under the control of the different kings and kingdoms, in which the twelve table laws were emerged. It is the fact that the ten members were appointed to write laws of twelve table through which the courts were first formed to find the individual violation of the social laws such as the debts, damages, compendiums, with other penal laws were initiated to check the individuals first in the history of the jurisprudence in the roman empire. It is also evidence that the first code of laws was written by the king himself and put all his laws were in practice for his development of his kingly subjects and issues in the world materialistically. Because the bible as a first book of faith, which was and is the first book of the world as known to the majority of the global people including the Islamic people also believes that it is the first book of faith upon which most of the worldly people have faith and believes for their routine practices in their lives. In essence the bible is still not considered to be the book of the world materialistically. So that it needs its archeological evidences on the issues which discusses in the history of the societies of the world. Keeping its nature upon its subjects, in view I took some subjects of the social laws and social things which were in practice at the time of Abraham, Joshua, animals, measurements, and weights, social and individual needs with territorial identifications in support of the findings from the history. Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot (Genesis23:24) has been mentioned in the Hammurabi code of laws which are given below. If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out. [Law no 194, an eye for an eye]. In whole of 282(including some missing laws) laws in the Hammurabi code of laws, only one law is the same which is available in the bible in common, but the period of these two books have no relations between the two laws. The code of laws was emerged from the materialistic world and complete form of laws related to the society and the people with all their business of social transactions under the command of the state. The state, it is known that the society at that time of Hammurabi, the king who contributed all these laws for the smooth administration in the society in which many fields were found and developed in its already clarified way of the productive and non-productive forces in all their fields and complete variation of the non-productive fields of society which was taken the complete shape of the state at the cost of the productive forces as equally needful to the state, society and to the productive fields with its relations within that society. All the laws were found in material form and emerged from the society and found no role of divinity though they could have their gods and their religion at the time of the king who wrote all these laws for his royal subjects only. It is now become essential no know about the period of the bible was written, for exact evidences of the social laws with its relation to the productive and non-productive forces on the basis of the things which were related to material things only. Hence it is not possible to take the bible into account for its material existence at that time archeologically. At the same time I would never take all the archeological evidences here but the social things which were in existence to calculate the social life of the people, market commodities, exchange of the materials, productive forces, non-productive forces, the relations of the productive forces with the valuation of the social classes of the biblical society. The period of composition from its first book genesis to its last book revelation had been taken 145 years from 1400 BC to 50 AD. In many accounts its events in the history is coming out through the archaeological evidences. It is not only a book of religious thoughts of the people but it is also a historical document also. Its narration about the issues reflects the social conditions of that time, from the period of Abraham to Jesus Christ. The state had been developed so widely in the most civilized manner from the barbarians to the administration of justice. Abrahams' wife case and his piece of land dispute with his neighbor shows a change in the social laws which actually emerge from the society itself. They made bricks and burnt it thoroughly and build a tower first which was perhaps the first temple in the biblical religion. They built the city too with the tower which should reach to the heaven in its height as they decided to build the cities and temple. While traveling Abraham feared to disclose of the relation with wife as his wife before the pharaoh who could kill Abraham as the power of king has in his and to own any woman for him. And Abraham asked his wife to keep the fact in secret and they told to the pharaoh on asking him about the lady when he confronted him. The pharaoh as they thought he would take his lady, if they tell to his the she is his wife. After many years, Abraham took back his woman with all material on realization of the relationship of wife and husband between him and his woman. Another most important and barbarian law which had its base in bible only and it had been widely applied and practiced in other societies there. How the society was at the time of Abraham could be understood through the initiation of some rules to follow in the society as these are now in practice and its practical purpose would never be belittled on the name of religion. Religions in the world though have more or less had the impact on the character of the individuals of the societies which were run by the productive forces of the societies but the religions as non-productive were proved very influential in molding the nature and character of the individuals in the society. The societies in which men women, children, sons, daughters, grand mothers, grand daughters, daughters in law, mothers in law etc were and every one had their relations with each other. At the same way the forbidden acts were initiated in these societies though they have been associated with religious beliefs and their affiliations on the beliefs of the gods at the time of these initiations were come into being in different times in the societies. These ideas, if we call these initiations as ideas, before introducing in to societies at the time of its need to put the people in order for a specific goal, or for some other purpose of worldly or heavenly, the people were obliged with a sense that these ideas in their lives could be helpful in dealing with the other people in the societies. Though these were no way concerned with the productive instruments but these laws are concerned as a set of acts assigned to all humans at that time in all the related acts of the humans while dealing with each others at working places, or at their homes or at their meeting points wherever they needed to have relations with each other. Few laws known as the Ten Commandments to the world as a set of ideas in the mind of introducer to the people of the society on any claim or in any name, declaring these laws are the laws of the lord, and the god. The reasons in believing these laws are not concerned with the point of believing these laws of ideas but it is cause of believing that the following up of these laws would be more or less helpful for that society in general and about the way of living for the individuals in particular. These laws before introduction into the society were of course have no such influence and its power over the people but the people began the felling that these laws could be useful either for worldly or for the heavenly believing it as useful for them. Because the humans and animals are not the same to live on the food, sex, generations and death. But the human mind and the feeling were ever changing and would never be fixed in any frame for the specific purpose of chemical or biological findings from the days of the origin to the present day of the capitalism. These laws are known as the laws written by Moses himself for those people who were followed him and his ways of life. I do not find any need to go into the depth behind the validity and reasons for introducing such laws to the people in their society, because, we could never judge the past from the present state of development from the basic developments of the societies to present time which what we would decide ourselves that our acts are correct and the past is not correct. All these such presumptions are useless and baseless, because the history is something like a dead body upon which many post mortems and inventions could be carries out for research purposes. And the same dead body would never answer to all those questions that simply asks and left without giving any results with their observations on the dead body. Moreover the history is something like a big record room from which we can find many more evidences and proofs to confirm the things of the facts or to prove as the historical things through a set of ideas which related to the findings for the present from the past. And the past is silently handed over its complete visible things partially and it keeps the remained in itself for further researchers about it through their ideas only. Moreover the judgments on the historical happenings with its things always remain incomplete as it had not been proved and founded by thousands of inventions on it and it always unresolved in many ways in every field. Unnumbered mysteries still attracts all the scientists to carry out the more and more research works on many secrets in all most all fields, in medical, astronomical, chemical, and other hundreds of its branches are expanded from its basic sciences from the early periods of the human origin. Now it's a matter of social sciences where the religion and social laws were mixed and led the human mankind towards its progress and advancements from its earlier period. The Moses' exodus, whether it is believable or unbelievable in the sense of modern age, it is essential for every reader or writer to go into its roots of society with its social laws, in the absence of the scripts in the world. After the progress and development of the civilizations in the world, bible and spade were found many sites there in the surrounding areas of the much popularized promised land of Abraham, proving the biblical historical incidents and its king's names with their kingdoms of the ancient period of biblical era from which many resembling features are related and stated to be that the area and biblical history had given many more social laws to the world. And the same laws are almost continuation in the daily lives of the majority people in the world. If the religion and its contributions or its exploitations whatever we like to say about history with its relation to the society is nothing, but whatever we say about it represents the mind and concept of those who are really concerned or not concerned with the developments of the society and religion in thousands of years, and it had been proved that they are still in need to find more and more about all these developments of the religion and society, because what we have been used to say all about the relation between the religion and society is all remained unresolved questions only and now it is again going back to read about all these things with its related factors with a realizations based on the failures in understanding these relations with all its factors to find what is really the ideologies needs to pull the masses on the philosophies of the past. The ideas of the people about any material facts could not succeed on material things of the past and even present at almost all levels. After industrial revolutions and upon believing its new kind of relations among the people based on the new kind of productive forces, Karl Marx theory, Hegel's theory and Lenin's interpretation of Marxism, Leninism, and later period of Marxism, the ideas of materialism are still continuing in the human minds. For example in India, in all most all hospitals they constructed temples either within the premises of hospitals or very nearer for those who attend the temples seek blessings of the gods. At the same time the doctors also preys the gods before performing the operations on the patients. Even in the doctors' houses, in their private rooms in hospitals, we would find the photos of such gods who preys their blessings. In government buses or in luxury buses we can find the gods garlanded photos above the cup boards for the drivers who seek the blessing for safety of himself and for the passengers. We sees many deaths of devotees returning from Balaji , temple of Tirupati and from the Ayyappa temple and now India has stood first in road accidents in the world even after having millions of gods in India. Though the people in the issues of religion never become materialistic in approach either in their personal or in social lives as they live partially on material facts and used to live under the laws knowingly most of it, unknowingly least of the laws. It indicates that the people have every right to adopt whatever the way they like and what they like to reject from their lives, is a subject to know about it into depth for the better understanding of the role of the religious beliefs and material facts. If we go into if in depth, the first in its kind the word " belief" comes before us for understanding the first step of feelings, other than the word" trust" in the series of the transformation of the understanding phases of the things of the past, in present and about future also. Every one has belief on certain degree of the things in his life and move in his lives as per his works, in daily lives. One question would come in my mind about a Jew, who thinks about him is very personal, but I want him to think in my way what I want to think about him. Is it possible? First I ask him to vacate the land of Israel. Secondly he must leave Israel without any relief to them by accommodating somewhere in the world. Is it possible? Thirdly I want all global capitalists of top hundred to handover their assets to the labor, workers and their servants. Is it possible? Fourthly, I want to lay down all weapons of all security forces of the world in the interest of the global peaces and prosperity. Is possible? The military tensions zone in world is Indian and Azad Kashmir which would be solved peacefully by merging India and Pakistan prior to the status of undivided India. I appeal the two states for the peace and prosperity in the interest of Pakistan, India and for the disputed Kashmir. Is it possible? All the human beings are equal in the world, and all religions are no way concerned with the material world. If I seek all the global people to desist their faiths in Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and other remained religions in the world. Will they follow it? Even pope asks the people they would never follow it. After the collapse of the soviet union and the remained socialist block including the Chinese people started believing the capitalist societies would save from their own models they built in their respective states with the help of the global leader united states for the developments of all these states including Russian state after its collapse which had helped in emerging many states within Russia. Thousands of people died for the socialist Russia and people's china for the long historical revolutionary way of these two states for the period of one century from the dates of the Karl Marx's writings, which are primarily as a basic source for the socialist phase of the societies under the control of the state. The stat which was and is based and belong to the non-productive forces and directly depended upon its society and on its sources, without progress of its richness, the states could not do anything. So that the state as a leader of the societies have stood forefront in leading all the members of the different societies without proper plans for further developments in the long run asked the help and support of the world capitalist states, collapsed as a result of dependence on other states despite depending on its own people. They failed to record the discontentment of the people of all sections in a planned manner, because they have been already isolated from the regular contacts and finding the needs for their supplies in their states. Details about the Social laws and state laws are already available in separate article. The alienated forces of the state further isolated from sharing their role along with the people in their respective societies of all socialist states led them to bow down in economic and philosophical aspects for the socialist conceptual administration of the state economy. I am not to find the reasons for the failure of the socialist system of governance in the socialist block of Russian and Chinese state, but I really found the fundamental defects in the philosophy of Marxism, Leninism and its Maoism, as well as the new way of Nepalese Prachanda path which was and is continuing version of the socialist revolutions in the world. So that it is necessary to come back from the back period to the present stage of capitalism as a pre-requisite for the philosophy of socialism, with additions to all issues of the Marxism, Leninist, and of Maoism, about, people, state, society, religion, productive mechanisms, non-productive elements' dependence and total domination over the productive forces with its relations once again in the new and changing fundaments of the global world. Firstly the social laws were introduced by the Moses' and all these are not negligible in understanding of the real role of the religion with its philosophy for the present society. All these laws were practiced by the people at the time of its introduction in the society there. Now all these laws are known the world that these laws were introduced by Moses himself. The past thing of the history now had turned and became as a belief for many Jews in the world. At the same time the New Testament in which what incidents were taken place as incidents are now proving that these were the real happenings and facts in the history of the man king through the archaeological findings in all these days. .the laws of Moses were showed how society was in its nature what it needed to transform from the role of out side of the productive forces is to be understood. One of the Ten Commandments is still practical in the world including all the socialists and communist in the world which is as follows "Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy. 9 Six days you shall labor and do all your work, 10 but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God. On it you shall not do any work, neither you, nor your son or daughter, nor your manservant or maidservant, nor your animals, nor the alien within your gates. 11 For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, but he rested on the seventh day. Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy." Though this law may be in the zeal and love of presenting himself as the lord to the people, but it has been in practice to take a rest after the work of six days and it is also understood that the calculation of the "time and days were already were in existence at the time of these laws were introduced to the society. Moreover the following laws of the Moses are known that these were helpful by honoring father and mother, restricting the people from murder, adultery, and stealing, wrong testimony against neighbor and avoiding coveting the neighbor's wife. The direct social laws like these are not found in rig Veda. The Indian civilization in which such basic laws for the family are not found basically as a family as a unit in south Asian region till now. Exodus 20 The Ten Commandments 1 And God spoke all these words: 2 "I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of Egypt, out of the land of slavery. 3 "You shall have no other gods before [a] me. 4 "You shall not make for yourself an idol in the form of anything in heaven above or on the earth beneath or in the waters below. 5 You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I, the LORD your God, am a jealous God, punishing the children for the sin of the fathers to the third and fourth generation of those who hate me, 6 but showing love to a thousand {generations} of those who love me and keep my commandments. 7 "You shall not misuse the name of the LORD your God, for the LORD will not hold anyone guiltless who misuses his name. 8 "Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy. 9 Six days you shall labor and do all your work, 10 but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God. On it you shall not do any work, neither you, nor your son or daughter, nor your manservant or maidservant, nor your animals, nor the alien within your gates. 11 For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, but he rested on the seventh day. Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy. 12 "Honor your father and your mother, so that you may live long in the land the LORD your God is giving you. 13 "You shall not murder. 14 "You shall not commit adultery. 15 "You shall not steal. 16 "You shall not give false testimony against your neighbor. 17 "You shall not covet your neighbor's house. You shall not covet your neighbor's wife, or his manservant or maidservant, his ox or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor." The king David and his role are not new for anybody in building his kingdom, temple and the temple town in the kingdoms of the Judaism. The lists of kings and their acts in molding the society is to be seen with the following developments, it is to take from the period of King David (1050-920 BC) to Ahab(born c. 853 - BCE Reigned c. 874–c. 853 BCE) Saul, David and Solomon ruled the undivided Israel. Some important incidents were taken place while the transferring the power from one king to another in the most desirable way by the people who were in greater need for the king as they were sought their king to be acted for them by neighboring kingdoms. Bible code of the present day in relation to the predictions of the past and about future would be discussed in some other time in separate article The people of Hebrew began to feel the need of king how would protect them and rule them like other monarchs of the Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Canaanites, Philistines, Moabites, and Ammonites. And went to ask the Samuel1 and 2nd, who sought Saul to act as king in obedient way, but he could not able to rule them under the instructions and wishes of the Yahweh's. For the period of two years only his rule was existed. Yahweh selected David. It was stated that the differences were the main reason over the kings who had been in obedience of the orders of the Yahweh only. The Hebrew people were in such a need, in which Yahweh's role was imminent in selecting the kings at that time. On the selection of the soul. It was proved that he had reluctant in obeying the orders of the Yahweh. Moreover he was not wealthiest king to rule the Hebrew in Israel. The king Saul after words, killed in the hands of Palestine, who carried out attack on him. On the issue of his death, there are contradicting version that one group argues that he had been committed suicide and another group says that Saul was not died at the spot where the attack was carried out, but at the hands of his soldier who was helping him to save the life. The history of the first king how was ended is still in mystery in absence of any proofs about him and about his assassins at that time. Moreover the wealthiest man among the Hebrews to rule as a king under the command of Yahweh was an essential condition to become their king. It established that the wealth and abeyance of the orders of the Yahweh were the preconditions for selection of any king for the Hebrew tribes at that time. The military ruler, the king David is known in the history of the Hebrews proved the essentialities of their state to fulfill the needs of the people at that time, in his reign of forty years. His merits are not new to the world to remind but it is needed to discuss about the relationship of the people with the kingship, maintenance of temple relations with the king and the expeditions against the other states will give us some important conclusions about the nature of the society and their needs at the time of the king David. As a mighty ruler of the kingdom of Israel, he defeated Palestine and he expanded his kingdom into the empire. He made Jerusalem as capital for his empire by uniting some tribes into one empire, with his force. He killed twenty two thousand Syrians and captured the places of Palestinians. He got the name of uniting the small enemies of Hebrew people into his empire. He took up many works for construction works at Jerusalem, and he built a centre of worship in his empire. In the matter of the court affairs, the local elders were acted as judges in the cases and they had been restricted to deal the cases in proper way by putting the law for them to throw away in case of bribes in their duties. The king was the applet authority upon the judgments of the cases by these judges in Israel. The king was the war leader with mighty forces, in the Israel with the war lords, to look after all the affairs of the kingship, besides all the duties. The duty of the king was to appoint the lords to the priests for the implementation of the Moses' laws in the temples what the king David constructed during his life time. The king and his duties once were in accordance with the Yahweh was changed from the earlier king to the present king, David in a span of a short period in the history of Israel. Now the king David had been proved the real king and enjoyed the maximum support of his people in his empire. There was the provision to appoint the gatekeeper who looks not to enter unclean into the temple .however the king David had developed Israel as an empire with some little deviations of the wishes of the Yahweh, but he led the transition of the tribal society into a perfect monarchy in the system of governance. It is no need to remind that the 'state' of Israel under command of the king David did not face any defeat in his reign of forty years. setting aside his eldest son, and the stories about the Bathsheba's promise, the king David had made his son king in the presence of the priest , his son Solomon whose rule could be in 967 b. c. e was not much successful in dealing the foreign affairs of this empire. On the growing of the state Israel, the neighboring states were eager to come over into its affairs on his weakness in the governance. His name is still known with the name of Solomon temple in Jerusalem. The Solomon temple was built in 1000b c e. in Jerusalem. The developments and expansion of the king's subjects were already taken place during the period of the king David and he took out further with the same spirit and zeal in the interest of the Judaism in Jerusalem. The neighboring kingdoms were equally ambitious to attack his kingdom and plunder the wealth from his empire as he was also known as wealthiest king among other kings of that time. Here two forces have emerged to the level of contradicting each other for their survival with all possible expansions into the society, as these two forces have no way concerned with the productive forces of the society. The state and religion, (Judaism) was moving with the help of each other for its own identities in their respective fields. The religion had been emerged from the direct teaching of the Moses and his mosaic laws in the Hebrews in Israel, and the state, in the form of kingship, monarchy was emerged by electing the people by the wishes of the people at the instructions of the Yahweh. The king, who had to obey the orders of the Yahweh as they were in such belief in the affairs of the king whose duties were only to obey the orders of the Yahweh, as seen in the first instance of the Saul who failed in obeying the instructions and the king David also not fully obedient to the orders of the god in Israel at that time. The king David, who had given the complete plan of the temple to construct for the god in Jerusalem, where all kinds of arrangements were suggested to Solomon for the temple. There were the two sections of the society, state and religion was growing at the cost of the society, in which the problem was mainly related to the security and faiths, which were rise in the absence of knowledge of science at that time of the early period of Judaism as well as the state in the Israel state. During the Solomon period. The temple affairs were high with festivities and offerings were such that made the temples to earn wealth by both ways from the people and from the state directly. For administrative purposes his empire was divided into twelve districts. This kind of administrative measure in keeping the empire unite, no king was initiated in entire history of the states at that time. The disputes were arose on descending the throne of David, his elder son Adonijah was declared himself as king, but the king David sent his men and elders against his son and all elders were made the elder son to withdraw his claim.. The elders were acted as the judges in the Hebrews at the time of all these period under the subjects of the king and his affairs. Primarily the state had depended upon the military, first, and the governmental in the next and the religious in the third in its prioritized list of the kings at that time of undivided house Israel state. Solomon died after reign of forty years, he buried in city of David. His son Rehoboam succeeded to throne and divided the great empire of David and Solomon into two parts .The king Solomon's temple which was constructed in seven years. The surrounding states' slaves were engaged in the work. His military strength with horses was very high comparatively with other states and his taxation and collection of the wealth was also in same ratio. He instructed the people of his empire to offer the sacrifices only at the temples so as to increase the sources for the temples in his reign. The marriage with the daughter of Egyptian pharaoh as one of his wives would show some result after his death. He was well known in the construction world in his entire empire .in his last days he was completely negligent against the wished of his own religion and followed paganism. And lastly he had become idolater. This kind of religious views proved fatal to his empire. The people of his empire were burdened with high level of taxations. And tend to revolt against him for his role as a king. He constructed cities, wall and other constructions for his governmental use in his life time. Rehoboam was become the king of Jerusalem and jeroboam had become the king of Israel. These two kings were emerged from the empire of Solomon. Rehoboam was only son of Solomon, shifted away from Jerusalem to other place, in north, fortified palace which was between the two high mountains, known as shechem where Joshua addressed the people for last time and that was the place where Abraham was buried. Jeroboam was known in the area as tax collector from the period of Solomon and he was tried to revolt against Solomon. Upon hearing this news about rebellion against him. He was attempted to kill him. Soon after that he ran away to Egypt. Rehoboam was some better in the kings duties and in his affairs while taking decisions about the issues of the people. He followed always the ways of taking suggestions from the elders and he was not much of irrational while dealing with the people directly in his state. His north kingdom contained ten tribes. All these ten tribes were announced to reject the house of David at the meeting where one hundred and eighty thousand selected warriors were ready to attack the Judah kingdom. It was stated that the intervention of the word of god to man who settled the issue at that time. what was the word is here following "But the word of God came to Shemaiah the man of God, saying, 'Speak to Rehoboam the son of Solomon, king of Judah, to all the house of Judah and Benjamin, and to the rest of the people, saying, "Thus says the Lord: 'You shall not go up nor fight against your brethren the children of Israel. Let every man return to his house, for this thing is from Me.'...' Therefore they obeyed the word of the Lord, and turned back, according to the word of the Lord" (1 Kings 12:22-24)". In any was the problem of that time settled there on any name. And no one could ever find the real reason behind such confrontation of the two kings who in later times ruled separately. But his kingdom was better than the other part Israel. Ayub Mohammed http://groups.yahoo.com/group/political_analysts/ To be continued( in 6 of 10) | | |
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